Publications

COST Action E30 is one of the largest COST Actions thus far under the domain on forests and forestry products. COST Action E30 has 21 participating countries. The main objective of COST Action E30 is to gain better understanding of the problems and possible solutions to forest-based entrepreneurship in small-scale forestry, wood processing, and non-wood forest products and services aiming at improved employment and income in rural areas.

This book provides comprehensive, current scientific and applied practical knowledge on vegetable grafting, a method gaining considerable interest that is used to protect crops from soil-borne diseases, abiotic stress and to enhance growth/yield. Though the benefits of using grafted transplants are now fully recognized worldwide, understanding the rootstock-scion interactions under variable environmental pressures remains vital for grafting-mediated crop improvement. In this book, the authors attend to this need and explain the reasons for, and methods and applications of, grafting.

The final report tries to answer the following questions: How can environmental impacts of transport be measured? How can measurements be transformed into operational indicators? How can several indicators be jointly considered? And how can indicators be used in planning and decision making? Firstly we provide definition of ‘indicator of environmental sustainability in transport’. The functions, strengths and weaknesses of indicators as measurement tools, and as decision support tools are discussed. We define what “environmental sustainability in transport” may mean through the transport system, the concepts of sustainable development and of environment. The concept of ‘chain of causality’ between a source and a final target is developed, as a common reference for indicators and assessments. As the decision making context influences the perceived and actual needs for indicators and methods, we also analysed the dimensions and context of decision making. We derived criteria and methods for the assessment and selection of indicators of environmental sustainability in transport, in terms of measurement, monitoring and management. The methods and the criteria are exemplified for seven chains of causality. Methods for a comprehensive joint consideration of environmentally sustainable indicators are analyzed and evaluated. They concerned aggregated or composite indicators as well as multi-criteria methods. Five case studies are presented. Finally, recommendations for continued research and development of indicators and joint considerations methods for assessment of environmental sustainability in transport are given.